Low, Medium Energy Electron Beams & X-rays: A Guide to the Technology Fundamentals and Applications

This paper provides an overview of low- and medium-energy electron beam technologies and low-energy X-ray systems, examining their operating principles, current industrial applications, and emerging opportunities in comparison with high-energy beam technologies. It explores how these compact, cost-effective systems are expanding their range of applications and discusses ongoing developments that are expected to support evolving industry requirements for efficiency, safety, and scalability.

Authors

• Karl Swanson – PCT Ebeam & Integration
• Joe Marston – Wasik Associates
• Thomas Wasik – Wasik Associates
• Mark Bailey – Risø High Dose Reference Laboratory
• Thomas Kroc – International Irradiation Association (iia) – Corresponding Author
• Gustavo H. C. Varca – Steri-Tek